Visual summation of luminance lines and illusory contours induced by pictorial, motion, and disparity cues

Illusory contours where no contrast exists in the image can be seen between pairs of spatially separate but aligned inducing real contours defined either by pictorial cues (luminance contrasts or offset gratings), kinetic contrast, or binocular disparity contrast. In previous studies it has been shown that the detection of a thin luminous line is facilitated when the line is superimposed on illusory contours and the inducing flanking elements are defined by luminance contrast. By using a spatial forced-choice technique I show that luminous lines summate with illusory contours induced by luminance contrast, offset gratings, motion contrast, and disparity contrast when the line is superimposed on the illusory contour. Control experiments show that the positional cues, offered by the inducing contours, are unable to account for these results. It is suggested that real luminous lines or edges and illusory contours activate common neural mechanisms in the brain irrespectively of the stimulus attributes that induce the illusory contour.